This Rapid Response Assessment report is based on research findings, and involvement from practitioners such as the formal waste sector, inspectors, law enforcement officers and prosecutors. It provides insight into the possible scale and features of the main drivers of waste crime, along with case studies. It is not an exhaustive or fully comprehensive overview, but it intends to identify major areas of policy deficits and challenges that require further investigation, policy action and intervention for prevention and damage control, as well as to identify opportunities. This Rapid Response Assessment report describes the results of enforcement efforts and stops short of delineating actual global illegal waste trade patterns. The assessment highlights known cases and available information. It does not follow that countries and regions that are not discussed in detail are less affected by the problem of waste crimes. The activities in these countries may simply be monitored to a lesser extent.